Takes the form of assuming that a proposition must be false because anĪrgument offered in support of that propositionĮxample: "This new test seemed so promising, but theģ studies that supported its validity turned out to have critical methodological It is clearly one of the safest and most effective interventionsĮver devised." Argument to Logic (Argumentum ad Logicam) Psychotherapy (now with biofeedback!), which I developed, there has notīeen one published study showing that it fails to work or that it has ever My new and improved brand of cognitive-humanistic-dynamic-behavioral-deconstructive-metaregressive-deontological There is no (or insufficient) evidence establishing that x is false.Įxample: "In the 6 years that I have been practicing Is competent to stand trial." Appeal To Ignorance (Ad Ignorantium) She knows the answers to 87% of the test questions. She will certainly know the answers to at least 80% of the questions on Therefore: This person is psychotic."Īlternate example: "If this client is competent to stand trial, The kind of people who deserve to be taken seriously." Affirming theĮxample: "People who are psychotic act in a bizarre manner. Reasoning that would make an undergrad psych major blush. They make arguments only a stupid person would accept, and mistakes in Have their minds made up they've become true believers in their cause. The advocates (or opponents) of this intervention are the Rumors-I have no idea whether they're true or not-that they faked some The researchersĪre people who are not methodologically sophisticated and there have been Making the argument or who holds the position.Īnd reasoning that supposedly supports (or that supposedly discredits) The argumentum ad hominem or ad feminam attempts to discreditĪn argument or position by drawing attention to characteristics of the A: Well, no wonder! He had to lean over backwards to make my test look bad so that he wouldn't be accused of favoritism! Ad Hominem or Ad Feminam B: Actually, it's your best friend who has been your biggest supporter for decades.ĭr. A: The researcher was probably one of my rivals, someone who wanted to do me in.ĭr. B: They brought in 2 other teams to make sure the scoring was done correctly.ĭr. A: I'm sure they scored it incorrectly.ĭr. B: But in that recent study, it showed no reliability or validity.ĭr. A: My paper and pencil test of intelligence is better than any of the others.ĭr. A uses ad hoc rationalization when questioned by Dr. In this fallacy, an explanatory factor, condition, or reason is set forth without validity to counter a specific objection or argument in order to defend one's original assertion, hypothesis, findings, or conclusion.Įxample: In the following example, Dr.
Ethics, Language, & Critical Thinking: Using Words to Deceive.They trip up all of us at one time or another.įor those interested, other articles in this Here are 26 logical fallacies- with a brief description and example of each- that can send ethical reasoning off track. We fall for their dazzling demonstrations that adding apples and oranges equals somewhere in the neighborhood of green beans. They slide into the background and blend in with some of our best reasoning. Logical fallacies sneak up in camouflage. Do not reproduce in any form or medium without prior written Questions about any other use involving copyright should be addressed It is presented here only for personal and individual Vasquez, Ph.D., ABPP, published by John Wiley. In Psychotherapy and Counseling: A Practical Guide 5th Edition by Kenneth PLEASE NOTE: I created this site to be fully accessible for people with disabilities please follow this link to change text size, color, or contrast please follow this link for other accessibility functions for those with visual, mobility, and other disabilities.ĬOPYRIGHT: The following is adapted from the book Ethics telepsychology & internet-based therapyįallacies in psychology Common Logical Fallacies in Psychology: 26 Types & Examples.stalking, threats & attacks on therapists.clinicians' self-care & well-being resources.
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